Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common birth anomalies, affecting millions of infants worldwide. Despite advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, CHDs remain a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current understanding of CHDs, covering their etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and future directions. The review examines the impact of prenatal screening techniques, such as fetal echocardiography and non-invasive genetic testing, in enabling early diagnosis. Surgical and catheter-based interventions are discussed, alongside their effectiveness in improving survival rates and reducing complications. Additionally, the review addresses the long-term challenges faced by CHD patients, including neurodevelopmental issues and the need for lifelong care. Furthermore, the review underscores the importance of multidisciplinary care and standardized guidelines for improved patient outcomes. Looking ahead, this review emphasizes the need for precision medicine approaches to tailor treatment strategies based on individual genetic profiles. Future research should focus on advancing minimally invasive procedures and refining prenatal diagnostic tools. Increased global collaboration and data-sharing initiatives will be essential for driving innovation and enhancing the quality of life for individuals with CHDs.

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